PHP und Sessions

Variableninhalte speicher - und das für mehr als nur die Spanne eines Skriptes. Das ist wohl kurz zusammengefasst das Einsatzareal von Sessions. Die Technologie braucht man öfters als man zunächst annehmen möchte, da PHP ein zerstreutes Kerlchen ist und sicher weigert, Information für mehr als die Anzeigezeit einer Seite zu persistieren.

Wie funktionieren Sessions?

Sessions werden in PHP permanent als Dateien abgelegt. Diese Dateien haben einen bestimmten Namen (meist ein zufällig erzeugter String aus 32 Buchstaben und Zahlen). Anhand dieses Namens können Sie einem Webseitenbenutzer zugeordnet werden.

Wie funktioniert das mit der Identifikation?

Die Identifizierung bei PHP Sessions kann auf verschiedene Arten erreicht werden.

$_GET

Die Superglobal Variable $_GET kann benutzt werden um Sessionparameter zu übergeben. Diese Paramter sind generell die Session ID bzw. der oben erwähnte Name der Session Datei. GET-Paramter werden einfach hinten an eine Datei angehangen.

Versteckte Formularfelder

Es ist möglich, ein HTML Formular mit einem versteckten Eingabefeld zu definieren. In diesem steht dann -für den normalen Benutzer unsichtbar - die Session ID. Mit dem Absenden des Formulars werden auch die versteckten Daten übertragen, so dass die Session ID übergeben wird.

Cookies

Früher waren sie oft verpöhnt, heute sind sie wohl schon zum Standard geworden. Die Rede ist hier von Cookies. Das sind Dateien, die der Webbrowser speichert um Informationen über eine Internetseite festzuhalten. Da merkt man scho ander Fomulierung, dass sich Cookies und PHP Sessions quasi vollenden ;)

PHP Sessions in praxi

Die Einsatzgebiete von PHP Sessions sind mannigfaltig. Das wohl bekannteste Exempel ist ein Loginsystem, wie man es von jedem Forum, Blog, usw... kennt.

Ein weiteres bekanntes Beispiel ist der typische "Einkaufswagen" wie ihn wohl so ziemlich jedes Shopsystem einsetzt. Dabei werden Waren elektronisch zwischengespeichert, obwohl der Benutzer auf einer anderen Seite unterwegs ist. Bei dem abschließenden Bezahlen sind dann alle Artikel vorhanden.

Bei Umfragen im World Wide Web sind Sessions auch sehr willkommen. Diese Umfragen bestehen insgesamt nicht nur aus einer Seite und die Daten der vorherigen Seite dürfen natürlich nicht abhanden kommen. Also werden auch hier PHP Sessions eingesetzt.

Durch PHP Sessions werden insgesamt sogenannte Affenformulare realisiert. Bei diesen Formularen geht es darum, dass die eingegebenen Infos fortdauern, wenn das Formular abgeschickt wird aber eine Eingabe nicht ganz korrekt war.

Wo kann man mehr über Sessions erfahren?

Es gibt viele sehr gute englische Quellen über Sessions in PHP. Eine der geringen deutschsprachigen Ressourcen bietet MyWebsolution.de an. Diese WWW-Seite hat sich dem Thema PHP lernen verschrieben und nennt einen sehr umfassenden Workshop über PHP Sessions sein eigen.

Miscellaneous Sites

• ACT Research Home Page- The ACT group is led by John Anderson at Carnegie Mellon University and is concerned with the ACT theory and architecture of cognition. The goal of this research is to understand how people acquire and organize knowledge and produce intelligent behavior. The ACT-R unified theory of cognition attempts to develop a cognitive architecture that can perform in detail a full range of cognitive tasks. The architecture takes the form of a computer simulation which is capable of performing and learning from the same tasks worked on by human subjects in our laboratories.
• Adult Learning: An Overview- Stephen Brookfield
• Albert Bandura — Dr. C. George Boeree, at Shippensburg University, provides a short biography of Albert Bandura, describes some of the early research in social learning, defines many of the key terms and concepts.
• Animal Training at Sea World — How  Sea World trainers apply operant conditioning principles  to train performing animals.  Primary and conditioned reinforcers, shaping, and observational learning are among the principles that are discussed.
• B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning — A brief summary of operant conditioning.
• Bloom et. al - Taxonomy of Cognitive Objectives
• Classical Conditioning - West Virginia University
• Cognitive Architectures
• Cognitive Psychology - Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio
• COGPRINTS: Cognitive
  Sciences Eprint Archive - An electronic archive for papers in any area of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Linguistics, and many areas of Computer Science (e.g., artificial intelligence, robotics, vison, learning, speech, neural networks), Philosophy (e.g., mind, language, knowledge, science, logic), Biology (e.g., ethology, behavioral ecology, sociobiology, behaviour genetics, evolutionary theory), Medicine (e.g., Psychiatry, Neurology, human genetics, Imaging), Anthropology (e.g., primatology, cognitive ethnology, archeology, paleontology), as well as any other portions of the physical, social and mathematical sciences that are pertinent to the study of cognition.
• Collins' Cognitive Theory of Inquiry Teaching  - University of Arkansas
• Collaborative learning and the Internet - Pierre Dillenbourg and Daniel Schneider, School of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
• Collaborative Learning and Veterinary Medicine - Too many faculty members in our Colleges of Veterinary Medicine are not really able to distinguish between lecturing and teaching. Too often the college classroom is a place where students are bombarded with facts from the podium that they frantically try to copy down in their notes. Louis Schmier, a professor at Valdosta State University, emphasizes the point this way: "there really is a hell of a difference between a teacher and a classroom presenter." Schmier summarizes where college pedagogy is today as follows: "Most people think that anyone can teach. All you have to do is stand at the head of the classroom, throw out crumbs of information in an automated lecture, and the students will eagerly peck away and nourish their minds. I call that schooling, not education; lecturing, not teaching. Our graduate schools train scholars and researchers who are thrown into classrooms without guidance. It's little wonder that most of us evolve into classroom presenters."
• Collaborative Learning Using Guided Discovery on the INTERNET - Peter Holt, Claude Fontaine, Jane Gismondi, Darlene Ramsden,  Centre for Computing Information Systems and Mathematics (CCISM), Athabasca University
• Contingencies R US  -  Paul Brandon's page with links to behavioral analysis sites.
• Cooperative Learning - This Education Research Consumer Guide is produced by the Office of Research, Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) of the U.S. Department of Education.
• Dr. P's Dog Training - virtual library of info about dog training
  & behavior
• Engagement Theory: A Framework for Technology Based Learning - Greg Kearsley & Ben Shneiderman
• Flexible Learning and Higher Education Resources - Anglia College, UK
• Gropper's Behaviorism - Univeristy of Arkansas
• Human Cognition in the
  Human Brain - Yehouda Harpaz
• Humanoid Robotics Group - MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
• Institute for Research in Cognitive Science - National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center for Research in   Cognitive Science.
• Instructional Technology Research Online - Georgia State University
• John Case's Computational Learning Theory(COLT) Page - University of Delaware
• John Locke - Some Thoughts Concerning Education
• Kant's System of Perspecives   - by Stephen Palmquist
• Kurt Lewin - The Kurt Lewin Institute is a joint venture of senior researchers in social psychology and its applications, who are affiliated to five Dutch Universities.
• Landa's
  Algo-Heuristic Theory - University of Arkansas
• Language and the Mind   - Noam Chomsky (1968))
• Learning
  Concepts -  Anxiety, Arousal, Attention, Attitudes, Cognitive/Learning Styles, Creativity, Feedback/Reinforcement Imagery, Learning Strategies, Mastery, Memory, Mental Models, Metacognition, Motivation, Productions, Schema,Sequencing of Instruction, Taxonomies
• Learning Theories - Funderstanding
• Linguistics
  Resources - A topically organized list of resources
  elsewhere on the Internet that may be of interest to the linguist.
• Merrill's Component Display Theory
• Misha the Toilet-trained Wonder Cat — Tired of cleaning that smelly old litter box?   Learn How to Toilet-Train Your Cat with a little help from this unusual site. Karawynn is not a behavioral psychologist, so you will have to provide the learning theory terminology.
• Motivational Theory - University of Arkansas
• Negative
  Reinforcement University — NRU is an interactive
  environment for the study of negative reinforcement, one of the more challenging concepts to teach and learn in Psychology. Available as either a web site (you will need the free Shockwave, below ) or as an Adobe Acrobat document (you will need the free Adobe Acrobat Reader, below).
• Neurosciences on the
  Internet - A searchable and browsable index of
  neuroscience resources available on the Internet: Neurobiology, neurology,
  neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychology, cognitive science sites and information
  on human neurological diseases.
• Observational Learning — A brief summary of Bandura's Observational Learning Theory.
• Operant Conditioning and Behaviorism — An historical outline that begins with Thorndike's trial-and-error learning, and introduces Pavlov's  classical  conditioning and Skinner's operant conditioning.
• Pedagogically-informed Networking -  Deborah Lynn Stirling
• Personal Construct Psychology - The Centre for Personal Construct Psychology is a major focal point for information and resources about George Kelly's Personal Construct Psychology.
• Personality Theory - Northwestern University
• Positive Reinforcement — Lyle K. Grant, at Athabasca University, has developed this tutorial to help students understand what constitutes, and what does not constitute, positive reinforcement.  Be sure you understand the illustrative examples before you begin the practice exercise.
• Problem-Based Teaching - R. J. Salvador, D. W. Countryman and B. E. Miller
• Psych Web's List of Psychology Resources
• Reigeluth's Elaboration Theory - University of Arkansas
• Rousseau - Émile - The on-line English translation of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile or On Education, one of the most influential books in the history of education.
• Rousseau
  - Émile The Creed of a Savoyard Priest
• Rousseau on Education   - Michele Erina Doyle and Mark Smith
• Scandura's Structural Theory - Scandura's Structural theory replaces the behaviorist chaining process with a cognitive orientated structure.
• Script Theory
  (R. Schank) - "The central focus of Schank's theory has been the structure of knowledge, especially in the context of language understanding."
• Sensation and Perception Tutorial - Hanover, "Here is a small collection of tutorials and demonstrations related to our senses."
• Systems Approach to Training - Big Dog's Human Resource Development Page
• The "Theory Into Practice - TIP database
• The Commonwealth of Learning- The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning/distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. COL works with Commonwealth nations to improve access to quality education and training.
• The Education and Resource
  Network - The American Educational Research Association
• The Idea of the Theory of Knowledge as Social Theory - Jürgen Habermas (1968)
• The Teaching/Learning Process: A Discussion of Models- Deborah A. McIlrath and William G. Huitt
• The Theory Into Practice Database - "TIP is a tool intended to make learning and instructional theory more accessible to educators. The database contains brief summaries of 50 major theories of learning and instruction. These theories can also be accessed by learning domains and concepts."
• Uncertainty Reduction Links
• Using Cooperative Learning Groups - University of California, Santa Barbara
• Vision and Color Vision Phenomena - The Exploratorium, San Francisco, Ca
• Vygotsky's Social Development Theory — A brief summary of Vygotshy's theory.
• Vygotsky and Social Cognition — A brief summary of Vygotshy's theory.
• What is Activity Theory? - Martin Ryder, CUDenver

Anchored
Instruction

• Anchored
  Instruction   - "Anchored instruction
  requires putting the students in the context of a problem-based story.
  The students "play" an authentic role while investigating the problem,
  identifying gaps to their knowledge, researching the information needed
  to solve the problem, and developing solutions. For example, the students
  play the role of a pilot to learn about aeronautics subject matter such
  as gravity, airflow, weather concepts, and basic flight dynamics. The teacher
  facilitates and coaches the students through the process."
• Anchored
  Instruction - TIP Database, John Bransford & the CTGV
• Anchored
  Instruction -  Open Learning Technology Corporation Limited
• Anchored
  Instruction - Julie Barbadillo, EMC 598, Arizona
  State University, Summer 1998
• Anchored
  Instruction  - Open Learning Technology Corporation Limited.
• Anchored
  Instruction - National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum
• Anchored
  Instruction - The University of New England, NSW, Australia
• Anchored
  instruction - Vanderbilt University
• Anchored
  Instruction  - William R. Booth
• Technological
  Support for Anchored Instruction - Candyce Williams Glaser & Linda
  K. Prestidge
• The
  Adventures of Jasper Woodbury - Vanderbilt

Dual
Coding Theory

• A
  Simulation about Multimedia Design and Dual-Coding Theory -
  Authorware 5.1 Web Player requireed for this simulation
• Constructing
  Cognitive Artefacts: The Case of Multimedia Learning Materials -
  Christopher J. Colbourn, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton
• Dual-coding
  theory - Instructional Technology Global Resource
  Network
• Dual
  Coding Theory and Visualization - University of
  Iceland
• Dual-Coding,
  Context-Availability, and Concreteness Effects in Sentence Comprehension:
  An Electrophysiological Investigation - Phillip
  J. Holcomb, John Kounios, Jane E. Anderson, W. Caroline West

John
Dewey

• A
  Dialog between Confucius and Dr. John Dewey -
  Lih-Ching Chen Wang
• Center for John Dewey
  Studies - The Center for Dewey Studies at Southern
  Illinois University at Carbondale was established in 1961 as the "Dewey
  Project." In the course of collecting and editing Dewey's works, the Center 
  amassed a wealth of source materials for the study of America's quintessential 
  philosopher-educator, John Dewey. By virtue of its publications and research,
  the Center has become the international focal point for research on Dewey's
  life and work. Its location at the University makes it possible for visitors
  to take advantage of the resources and professional  expertise of
  the faculty and staff of the Department of Philosophy, the College of Education,
  Special Collections in Morris Library, and the Southern Illinois University
  Press. 
• Cognitivism,
  Situated Cognition, and Deweyian Pragmatism  
  - by Eric Bredo
• Constructivism,
  Educational Research, and John Dewey  
  - by Raf Vanderstraeten and Gert Biesta
• Dewey
  on the Pedagogy of Occupations: The social construction of the hyper-real-
  by James Palermo
• Dewey
  Reconstructs Ethics -  by Dr. Jan Garrett
• Dewey's
  Idea of Sympathy and the Development of the Ethical Self: A Japanese Perspective-
  by Naoko Saito
• Essays on
  the Philosophy of John Dewey - by Gordon L. Ziniewicz
• John
  Dewey & F. Mathias Alexander Homepage -Dewey
  met Alexander in during World War I when Alexander was visiting New York
  and had his first lessons from Alexander at that time. Dewey was then in
  his fifties, and he continued taking Alexander Technique lessons for the
  next 35 years.
• John
  Dewey & the Alexander Technique - "It [the
  F.M. Alexander Technique] bears the same relation to education that education
  itself bears to all other human activities." --John Dewey
• John
  Dewey and Informal Education - "Arguably
  the most influential thinker on education in the twentieth century, Dewey's
  contribution lies along several fronts. His attention to experience and
  reflection, democracy and community, and to environments for learning have
  been seminal."
• John
  Dewey and Progressive Education   -
  by David Wiles
• John
  Dewey at Michigan: The Birth of Pragmatism: The Philosopher's second An
  Arbor Period - by Linda Robinson
• John
  Dewey: Democracy and Education - The 1916 Book
  in HTML markup copyright 1994 ILT Digital Classics.
• John
  Dewey: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Life
  and Works, Theory of Knowledge, Metaphysics, Ethical and Social Theory,
  Aesthetics, Critical Reception and Influence, Bibliography
• John
  Dewey: Rethinking Our Time - Reviewed by James
  Garrison
• John
  Dewey: The Quest for Certainty (1933)
• John
  Dewey's Critique of Socioeconomic Individualism -
  by S. Scott Zeman
• John
  Dewey's participatory philosophy of education: Education, experience and
  curriculum . - Joop W.A. Berding
• The
  Educational Theory of John Dewey (1859 - 1952) .
  - Analyst: N. I. Emand

Behaviorism

• A laboratory
  study of fear: The case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary, 31,
  308-315. Jones, Mary Cover. (1924).
• A
  new formula for behaviorism. Psychological Review, 29,
  44-53. Tolman, Edward C. (1922).
• An
  Overview of Dialectical Behavioural Therapy for BPD - MHN Article
• Animal
  intelligence. Thorndike, Edward L. (1911).
• Are
  theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57,
  193-216. Skinner, B. F. (1950).
• Autobiography
  of C. Lloyd Morgan. In C. Murchison (Ed.), History of psychology
  in autobiography (Vol. 2, pp. 237-264). Worcester, MA: Clark University
  Press. Morgan, C. Lloyd. (1930).
• Autobiography
  of Robert M. Yerkes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), History of psychology
  in autobiography (Vol. 2, pp. 381-407). Worcester, MA: Clark University
  Press. Yerkes, Robert M. (1930).
• Basic
  neural mechanisms in behavior. Psychological Review, 37,
  1-24. Lashley, Karl S. (1930).
• Behavior
  Analysis Resources - A list of related links.
• Behavior
  and the concept of mental disease. Journal of Philosophy, Psychology,
  and Scientific Methods, 13, 589-597. Watson, John B.
  (1916).
• Behaviorism
  Tutorial - Athabasca University
• Behaviorism:
  The Rise and Fall of a Discipline - Behavior theory, while still viable,
  no longer holds the dominance it once did in theoretical psychology.
• Behaviorists for Social Responsibility.Behaviour
  Online- "Behavior OnLine aspires to be the premier World Wide Web gathering
  place for mental health professionals and applied behavioral scientists"
• Behavioural Temperaments-
  "Welcome! This Page is about behavioral individuality in infants, children
  and adults. It is intended as a clearinghouse for research and practical
  information about temperamental characteristics to be used by parents,
  students, professionals and others who have an interest in temperament."
• Classical
  Conditioning - An Article.
• Classical
  Conditioning - State University, Cortland, NY
• Classical
  Conditioning - Steve's Primer of Practical Persuasion and Influence
• Cognitive
  maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55(4), 189-208.
  Tolman, Edward, C. (1948).
• Commentary
  on "Psychology as the Behaviorist View It" John B. Watson (1913) -
  by Robert H. Wozniak
• Conditioned
  emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3,
  1-14. Watson, John B. & Rayner, Rosalie. (1920).
• Conditioned
  reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral
  cortex (G. V. Anrep, Trans.). (Original work published 1927)Pavlov,
  Ivan P. (1927).
• Connectionism
  (Thorndike) -TIP Database
• Dialectical
  Behavioral Therapy - "Marsha Linehan (1991) pioneered this treatment,
  based on the idea that psychosocial treatment of those with Borderline
  Personality Disorder was as important in controlling the condition as traditional
  psycho- and pharmacotherapy were."
• Ding-Dong:
  Classical Conditioning. Pavlov and Pavlov's Dog . - West Virginia University
• Drive Reduction
  Theory - Theory Into Practice Database
• Drives and
  the C.N.S. (conceptual nervous system). Psychological Review,
  62,
  243-254. Hebb, D. O. (1955).
• Factors
  Determining the Effectiveness of Classical Conditioning - Unoveristy
  of Vermont
• From
  Behaviorism to Humanism - Elmira College
• FunderstandingHull’s
  Drive Reduction Theory - Theory Into Practice Database
• Has
  psychology failed? American Scholar, 4, 261-269. Jastrow,
  Joseph. (1935).
• Introduction
  to Animal Intelligence.  Edward Lee Thorndike (1911) by R. H.
  Wozniak.
• Introduction
  to: Introduction to: "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it." John B.
  Watson (1913) - by Christopher D. Green.
• Introduction"A
  Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter" Mary Cover Jones (1924) by
  Alexandra Rutherford.
• Introspection
  as an objective method. Psychological Review, 29, 89-112.
  Washburn, Margaret Floy. (1922).
• Is
  thinking merely the action of language mechanisms? British Journal
  of Psychology, 11, 87-104. Watson, John B. (1920).
• Neobehaviorism
  Logical Positivism, Operationalism, and Physicalism . Study Notes.
• On
  "Psychology as the behaviorist views it". Proceedings of the American
  Philosophical Society, 53, 1-17. Titchener, Edward B. (1914).
• On
  two types of conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology,
  16, 264-272. Konorski, J. & Miller, S. (1937).
• Operant
  (Instrumental) Conditioning - W. Huitt and J. Hummel
• Operant
  Conditioning - Cortland College
• Operant
  Conditioning and Behaviorism - A Historical Outline TheoriesPositive
  Reinforcement -  Athabasca University
• Psychological
  facts and psychological theory. Psychological Bulletin, 43,
  1-20. Guthrie, Edwin R. (1946).
• Psychology
  as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20,
  158-177 Watson, John B. (1913).
• 'Superstition'
  in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38,
  168-172. Skinner, B. F. (1948).
• The
  battle of behaviorism: An exposition and an exposure. Watson, John
  B. & MacDougall, William. (1929).
• The Behavior Analysis
  Home Page - University of South Florida
• The
  Behavioral Approach - Cortland College
• The
  behavioristic interpretation of consciousness. Psychological Bulletin,
  30,
  237-272, 329-353. Lashley, Karl S. (1923).
• The
  case against introspection. Psychological Review, 19,
  404-413. (1912).Dunlap, Knight.
• The
  concept of the habit-family hierarchy and maze learning: Part I. Psychological
  Review, 41, 33-54. Hull, Clark L. (1934).
• The
  concept of the habit-family hierarchy and maze learning: Part II. Psychological
  Review, 41, 134-152. Hull, Clark L. (1934).
• The
  conflicting psychologies of learning -- A way out.Psychological
  Review, 42, 491-516. Hull, Clark L. (1935).
• The
  method of Pawlow in animal psychology. Psychological Bulletin,
  6,
  257-273. Yerkes, Robert M. & Morgulis, Sergius. (1909).
• The
  misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist, 16,
  681-684. Breland, Keller & Breland, Marian. (1961).
• The
  nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 573-685. Harlow,
  Harry F. (1958).
• The relation
  of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Yerkes, Robert
  M. & Dodson, John D. (1908). Journal of Comparative Neurology and
  Psychology, 18, 459-482.
• The
  Relationship of Behaviorism, Neo-Behaviorism and Cognitivism to an Evangelical
  Bibliology . - by Greg Herrick Watson's career
  and work. The article also presents a history of psychologists' accounts
  of the Albert study, focusing on the study's distortion by Watson himself,
  general textbook authors, behavior therapists, and most recently, a prominent
  learning theorist. The author proposes possible causes for these distortions
  and analyzes the Albert study as an example of myth making in the history
  of psychology."
• Two
  types of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type. Journal of General
  Psychology, 12, 66-77. Skinner, B. F. (1935).
• Two
  types of conditioned reflex: A reply to Konorski and Miller. Journal
  of General Psychology, 16, 272-279. Skinner, B. F. (1937).

Contiguity
Theory

• Contiguity
  Theory -   Open Learning Technology Corporation Limited
• Edwin R.
  Guthrie--   Classics in the History of Psychology
• Guthrie’s Contiguity
  Theory - by Gwendolyn Walata

• Classics
  in the History of Psychology -- Introduction to Koffka
• Gestalt
  Psychology - by C. George Boeree
• Gestalt Psychology
  and Gestalt Therapy - by Mary Henle (1975)
• Gestalt
  Psychotherapy Institutes and Associations Worldwide
• Gestalt Theory -
  An International Multidisciplinary Journal
• In
  Search of the Laws of Visual Grouping -  Michael Kubovy, Alex
  O. Holcombe, Johan Wagemans, Jeff Hollier, Dirk Smit, Sarah Creem
• Keywords
  of Gestalt Theory - The Gestalt Theory Resources Center offers information
  and links to other resources on the web about Gestalt theory in its original
  sense as put forward by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka, 
  Kurt Lewin and other eminent Gestalt psychologists.
Links
to Gestalt Related Sources on the Web
Mach
and Ehrenfels: Foundations of Gestalt Theory - by Kevin Mulligan and
Barry Smith
Martin
Buber und die Gestalttherapie (Rich Hycner) - Gestalt-Institut Köln
Society for
Gestalt Theory and its Applications
The historical
roots of Gestalt Therapy Theory - Gestalt Dialogue: Newsletter fo the
Integrative Gestalt
Centre, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
The
Gestalt Archive - Full Text Gestalt Psychology Articles
The
Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy Page
The Max
Wertheimer Page - Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications
To
Deviate or to Adapt - 13th Scientific Gestalt Theory Conference 2003
The Association
for the Advancement of Gestalt  Therapy - by Joel Latner
Classics
in the History of Psychology -- Koffka (1922)
Wolfgang
Köhler - "German-American psychologist, one of the founders of
Gestalt psychology with Kurt Koffka. Köhler gained fame with his studies
on cognitive processing involved in problem-solving by animals. Köhler
argued that animals do not learn everything through a gradual trial-and-error
process, or  stimulus-response association. His tests in Tenerife
in the 1910s with chimpanzees suggested that these animals solved problems
by understanding - like human beings, they are capable of insight learning,
the "aha!" solutions to problems. Köhler also discovered with von
Restoff the isolation effect in memory,     contributed
to the theory of memory and recall, and developed a non-associationist
theory of the nature of associations."

• Conditions
  of Learning -TIP Database
• Gagné's
  Nine Instructional Events: An Introduction - by
  Kevin Kruse
• Robert
  Gagné - by Stephen Bostock
• Gagné's
  Information Processing Model and its Implications to Instructional Design-
  by Timothy D. Brannon

• Animal Trainer's
  Introduction to Operant & Classical Conditioning - 
  
  Stacy Braslau-Schneck This page attempts to explain Operant Conditioning,
  and promote the use of Positive Reinforcement and Negative Punishment 
  in animal training.
• Behaviorism:
  Skinner and Dennett - Philosophy of Mind Curtis
  Brown.
• Behaviorism,
  BF Skinner, Social Control, Modern Psychology -
  The Stimulus and the Response
• B
  F Skinner - The Origins of Cognitive Thought - Recent Issues in the
  Analysis of Behavior (1989) publ. Merrill Publishing
• B.F.
  Skinner Biography - C. George Boeree
• B.F.
  Skinner - Operant Conditioning - QuickTime video clip of Skinner discussing
  his theory.
• B.F.
  Skinner Foundation - Manages Skinner's literary estate, and publishes
  significant literary and scientific works in the analysis of behaviour.
  Site includes information about Skinner, his work, and life
• BF
  Skinner -  (Burrhus Frederick Skinner) elaboration
  of the theory of reinforcement and his advocacy of its application to learning.
• CogPrints:
  A Review of BF Skinner's Verbal Behavior - A Review of BF Skinner's
  Verbal Behavior.
• Contingencies
  R US - Paul K. Brandon
• Dr. P's -
  Dog Training - University of Wisconsin-Stevens
  Point
• Negative
  Reinforcement - Maricopa Community College NRU
  is an interactive environment for the study of negative reinforcement.
• Operant
  Conditioning - TIP Database
• Operant
  Conditioning and Behaviorism - an historical outline -
  by R.W.Kentridge
• Operant
  Conditioning -TIP Database
• Positive
  Reinforcement - by Lyle K. Grant, Athabasca University
• Skinner's
  Defense of Behaviorism, Classic Works, Animal Learning Theory, and Utopian
  Societies
• The
  Behavioral Approach - SUNY Cortland

Information
Processing Theory

• Applications
  and Misapplications of Cognitive Psychology to Mathematics Education-
  by John R. Anderson, Lynne M. Reder, and Herbert A. Simon Are
  Theories of Imagery Theories of Imagination? An Active Perception Approach
  to Conscious Mental Content - by Nigel J.T. Thomas
• rnformation
  Processing Theory (G. Miller) - Tip Database
• Information
  Theory of Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver
• Information
  Processing Theory Basics - "The information is
  stored for either a brief or extended period of time, depending upon the
  processes following encoding..."
• Information
  Processing Theory - University of Indiana
• Information
  Processing Theory - by Richard H. Hall
• Modes of
  Learning   (D. Rumelhart & D. Norman)

• A
  biography - Jean Piaget Archives
• A Piaget
  Biography - C. George Boeree
• Biography
  
  - The Jean Piaget Society
• Child
  Psychologist: Jean Piaget - By Seymour Paper
• Jean
  
  Piaget's Genetic Epistemology: Appreciation and Critique -
  by Robert L. Campbell
• Jean
  Piaget - Genetic Epistemology (1968) - Philosophy
  Archive @ marxists.org
• Jean
  Piaget's Genetic Epistemology: Appreciation and Critique -
  Robert L. Campbell
• Piaget
  - Theory of Development - SUNY Cortland
• The "Theory
  Into Practice - TIP Database
• The Piaget Archives-
  Les Archives Jean Piaget
• Time
  Article - "Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher
  and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening to children,
  watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world
  who were doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children
  don't think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people
  often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their
  cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had
  their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it
  a discovery 'so simple that only a genius could have thought of it.' "

• Beyond
  the Individual-Social Antimony in Discussions of Piaget and Vygotsky-
  Michael Cole, University of California, San Diego
• Situated
  cognition and activity theory - University of
  Colorado at Denver
• Situated Learning-
  TIP Database
• Social
  Development Theory - Garry Jacobs and Harlan Cleveland
• Social
  Development Theory - TIP Database
• Vygotsky
  - Christine Guerra and Ricardo Schutz
• Vygotsky
  - The Historical Meaning of The Crisis in Psychology: A Methodological
  Investigation - Written 1927
• Vygotsky
  - Thinking and Speaking - Written: 1934
• Vygotsky
  and Assessment - by Sam Wineburg
• Vygotsky
  and education: The sociocultural genesis of dialogic thinking in classroom
  contexts for open-forum literature discussions -
  by Suzanne M. Miller
• Vygotsky
  and Social Cognition — A brief summary of Vygotshy's
  theory.
• Vygotsky
  Centennial Project- Department of Psychology, Massey University
• Vygotsky's
  Distinction Between Lower and Higher Mental Functions -
  Eugene Subbotsky
• Vygotsky's
  Social Development Theory - Elizabeth M. Riddle
  & Nada Dabbagh

Situated
Learning

• A
  Situated Cognition Perspective on Learning on Demand - William J. Clancey
• A
  Tutorial on Situated Learning - William J. Clancey
• Collaborative
  Knowledge Networks - A Viewpoint by Deloitte Consulting and Deloitte
  
  & Touche
• Communities
  of Practice - Fred Nickols
• Communities
  of practice at the core - ELearning post
• Communities
  of Practice  - Department of Computer Science at the University
  of York
• Designing
  web-bases units...situated learning - Edith Cowan University,
• It
  Takes A community - Excerpt from Wenger
• Lave,
  J., & Wenger
• New
  Perspectives on Mentoring
• New
  Ways of Learning in the Workplace
• Organizational
  learning and communities-of-practice
• Organizational
  learning: Wenger - 14 guidelines to help you work with rather than
  against the inner logic of organizational learning
• Situated
  Cognition
• Situated
  Learning
• Situated Learning
  (J. Lave)
• Situated
  Learning in Adult Education
• Situated
  Learning in Adult Education  - David Stein
• Situated
  learning
• Situated
  Learning
• Wenger
  Search results - 76 citations found. Retrieving documents.

• 7
  Kinds of Smart - by James Collins
• Adult
  Multiple Intelligences project (AMI) - Project
  Zero
• Different
  Ways of Learning - Judith C. Reiff
• Different
  Ways of Learning : a nice list of "what to do"
  for parents
• Education
  World: Multiple Intelligences -- A Theory for Everyone from Education
  World
• Eric
  Digest: Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
• Gardner
  - Overview - Daniel B. Stockstill
• Gardner
  - Summary - by Carla Lane
• Multimedia
  & Multiple Intelligences - by Shirley Veenema
  and Howard Gardner
• Multiple
  Intelligences - About.com
• Multiple
  Intelligences - metasite
• Multiple
  Intelligences: Gardner's Theory - by Amy C. Brualdi
• New Dimensions of
  Learning: Exploring Multiple Intelligences - sponsored
  by New Dimensions of Learning

• A
  biographic profile - C. George Boeree
• Bandura
  - Theory Into Practice Database - TIP Database
• Classics in the
  History of Psychology - York University
• Differential
  Association - This page is designed and maintained by Diane M. DeMelo.
• Observational
  (Social) Learning Theory   - W. Huitt
  and J. Hummel
• Social Learning
  Theory - TIP Database
• Social
  Learning Theory of Albert Bandura - (From the
  First Edition of A First Look at Communication Theory by Em Griffin, Ó
  1991, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
• The
  Power of Social Modeling: The Effects of Television Violence -
  by Christine Van De Velde
• The
  PSI-Cafe: Bandura -  Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology
• The
  Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura (book
  chapter)
• Theorist
  Albert Bandura - Margaret Delores Isom
• Theory Into
  Practice Database

• Attribution
  Theory of Fritz Heider - (From the Second Edition of A First Look at
  Communication Theory by Em Griffin, © 1994, 1991, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
  This text-only version of the article appears on the World Wide Web site
  www.afirstlook.com. A facsimile of the original article is also available
  in PDF format.)
• Attribution
  Theory & Achievement - Clayton Tucker-Ladd
  & Mental Health Net
• Attribution
  Theory in Action - West Virginia University

Cognitive
Dissonance

• An
  Explanation of Cognitive Dissonance Theory - General Experimental Psychology
  Cognitive Dissonance Lab
• A further
  explanation of Cognitive Dissonance Theory - as developed by Leon Festinger
• Cognitive
  Dissonance - how social influence can produce attitude changes.
• Cognitive
  Dissonance Theory - TIP Database
• Cognitive
  Dissonance in Decision-Making
• Cognitive
  Dissonance Theory - Introductory lecture based in part on Em Griffin,
  A First Look at Communication theory (3rd ed.), McGraw-Hill, 1997.
• Cognitive
  Dissonance Theory - by Daniel J. O'Keefe
• Cognitive
  Dissonance Theory - by Elisa M. Jean
• Communication
  Theory: A First Look - (From the Third  Edition of A First Look
  at Communication Theory by Em Griffin, Ó 1997, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
  This text-only version of the article appears on the World Wide Web site
  www.afirstlook.com. The text version does not contain any figures. A facsimile
  of the original article, which includes all figures,  is also available
  in PDF format.)
• Sample Chapter
  -- Cognitive Dissonance - Eddie Harmon-Jones and Judson Mills
• Truth
  Maintenance with Cognitive Dissonance - by Peter Schwartz
• Social
  1 - essay assessing Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance.

Aptitude-Treatment
Interaction

• Aptitude-Treatment
  Interaction (L. Cronbach & R. Snow)
• Aptitude
  Treatment Interaction Research - by Barbara A.
  Nanney
• Aptitude
  Treatment Interaction & Cognitive Style -
  Oklahoma State University
• Learning
  styles (notes) - by Stephen W. Draper
• Reading
  Research Perspectives System
  Behavior and the Current Educational Paradigms- Western Carolina University

Subsumtion
Theory

• Advance
  Organizers - Montclair State Univesity
• David
  Ausubel - by Barbara Bowen
• Subsumption
  Theory - Ausubel's theory is concerned with how individuals learn large
  amounts of meaningful material from verbal/textual presentations in a school
  setting (in contrast to theories developed in the context of laboratory 
  experiments).

Social
Judgment Theory

• Social
  Judgment Theory Research - by Kindra Krebs
• Social
  Judgment Theory and Working Assets
• Social
  Judgment Theory - This site is designed primarily as a companion to
  A First Look at Communication Theory by Em Griffin and the Instructor's
  Manual by Glen McClish and Jacqueline "Jackie" Bacon.
• Social
  Judgment Theory - University of West Virginia
• The
  Social Judgment Theoryand it's Association with Advertising -
  Center for Interactive Advertising
• Muzafer
  Sherif - one of the founders of social psychology

Cooperative
Learning

• Accounting
  for Individual Effort in Cooperative Learning Teams -
  D.B.
  Kaufman, R.M.Felder, and H. Fuller
• Collaborative
  learning and the Internet - Pierre Dillenbourg
  and Daniel Schneider, School of Psychology and Education Sciences, University
  of Geneva, Switzerland
• Collaborative
  Learning and Veterinary Medicine - Too many faculty
  members in our Colleges of Veterinary Medicine are not really able to distinguish
  between lecturing and teaching. Too often the college classroom is a place
  where students are bombarded with facts from the podium that they frantically
  try to copy down in their notes. Louis Schmier, a professor at Valdosta
  State University, emphasizes the point this way: "there really is a hell
  of a difference between a teacher and a classroom presenter." Schmier summarizes
  where college pedagogy is today as follows: "Most people think that anyone
  can teach. All you have to do is stand at the head of the classroom, throw
  out crumbs of information in an automated lecture, and the students will
  eagerly peck away and nourish their minds. I call that schooling, not education;
  lecturing, not teaching. Our graduate schools train scholars and researchers
  who are thrown into classrooms without guidance. It's little wonder that
  most of us evolve into classroom presenters."
• Collaborative
  Learning Using Guided Discovery on the INTERNET -
  Peter Holt, Claude Fontaine, Jane Gismondi, Darlene Ramsden,  Centre
  for Computing Information Systems and Mathematics (CCISM), Athabasca University
• Cooperative
  Learning - This Education Research Consumer Guide
  is produced by the Office of Research, Office of Educational Research and
  Improvement (OERI) of the U.S. Department of Education.
• Cooperative
  Learning Classroom Project - by Andrew M. Dahley
• Cooperative
  Learning in Technical Courses: Procedures, Pitfalls, and Payoffs- R.M.
  Felder and R. Brent
• Differences
  Between Collaborative Learning and Cooperative Learning
• Dynamics
  of Peer Education in Cooperative Learning Workgroups -
  C.R. Haller, V.J. Gallagher, T.L. Weldon, and R.M. Felder
• Effective
  Strategies for Cooperative Learning  
  - R.M. Felder and R. Brent
• Implementing
  Cooperative Learning in your classroom
• IASCE -  International
  Association for the Study of Cooperation in Education
• Kagan
  Cooperative Learning Structures - Kagan Cooperative
  Learning Structures
• Mid-Atlantic Association
  for Cooperation in Education (MAACIE) - "This
  website is dedicated to promoting cooperative learning in education both
  K-12 and in higher education."
• Navigating
  The Bumpy Road to Student-Centered Instruction  
  - R.M. Felder and R. Brent
• Network for
  Cooperative Learning in Higher Education - California
  State University, Dominguez Hills
• Salmon
  River - GLC Eisenhower Project
• Sheridan
  College School of Community Services - Cooperative
  Learning Network
• Southwest
  Educational Development laboratory
• Teaching
  and Learning Methods and Strategies - University
  of Arizona

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